60.4 Những cách khác để diễn tả điều kiện (Other ways of expressing conditions)

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60.4.1 Unless (trừ khi; nếu ... không)

Trong câu điều kiện có thật (real conditionals), ta có thể thay liên từ if bằng unless. Unless tương đương với 'if ... not' hoặc 'except if' (trừ khi).
Ex:

    • Unless you study hard, you'll fail in the exam. = If you don't study hard, you'll fail in the exam. (Nếu bạn không học hành chăm chỉ, bạn sẽ thi rớt.)
    • My grandma can't see unless she wears glasses. = My grandma can't see if she doesn't wear glasses. (Bà tôi không thể nhìn thấy nếu không mang kính.)

Tuy nhiên, chúng ta dùng if ... not chứ không dùng unless

  • khi sự việc trong mệnh đề if là nguyên nhân chính gây ra tình huống mà chúng ta đang nói đến.

Ex:

  • She'd look nicer if she didn't wear so much make-up.

[NOT ...unless she wore so much make-up.]
(Nếu không trang điểm đậm thế, trông cô ấy sẽ dễ thương hơn.)

  • My wife will be very upset if I don't get back tomorrow.

[NOT ...unless I get back tomorrow.]
(Nếu ngày mai tôi không về thì vợ tôi sẽ rất lo lắng.)

  • trong câu hỏi.

Ex:

  • What will you do if you don't pass the test?

[NOT What will you do unless you pass the test?]
(Nếu thi rớt bạn sẽ làm gì?)

  • Chúng ta thường dùng unless khi đưa ra lời cảnh báo.

Ex:

  • You will be late unless you hurry!

(Nếu không khẩn trương lên thì bạn sẽ muộn đấy!)

  • Ta thường không dùng unless (với nghĩa if ... not) trong câu điều kiện không có thật (unreal conditionals).

Ex: If I hadn't fallen, I would have won. [NOT Unless I had fallen,...]
(Giá như không bị ngã thì tôi đã thắng rồi.)

Nhưng unless có thể được dùng khi mệnh đề chính ở thể phủ định.
Ex:

  • I don't like fish. I wouldn't eat it unless I was extremely hungry.

(Tôi không thích cá. Tôi sẽ không ăn cá trừ khi quá đói.)

  • She wouldn't have gone to university unless her parents had insisted.

(Nếu cha mẹ cô ấy không kiên quyết thì cô ấy đã không học đại học.)

  • Mệnh đề có unless luôn ở thể khẳng định.

Ex: Come tomorrow unless I phone. [NOT Come tomorrow unless I don't phone.]
(Nếu tôi không gọi điện thì ngày mai bạn đến nhé.)

  • Không dùng thì tương lai trong mệnh đề có unless; thì hiện tại thường được dùng để chỉ tương lai.

Ex: I'll be in all day unless the office phones. [NOT ...unless the office will phone]
(Nếu công ty không gọi đến thì tôi sẽ ở nhà cả ngày.)

60.4.2 Đảo ngược chủ ngữ và trợ động từ (Đảo ngữ)

Ta cũng có thể diễn đạt câu điều kiện mà không cần dùng if hay unless bằng cách đảo chủ ngữ ra sau các động từ were, hadshould trong mệnh đề điều kiện (if-clause).
Ex: If I was/ were rich, I would buy that villa.

  • Were I rich, I would buy that villa. [NOT Was I rich,...]

(Nếu giàu có, tôi sẽ mua ngôi biệt thự đó.)

  • If they had asked me, I could have given them some advice.
  • Had they asked me, I could have given them some advice.

(Giá như họ hỏi tôi thì tôi đã có thể cho họ vài lời khuyên.)

  • If anyone should call, please take a message.
  • Should anyone call, please take a message.

(Nếu có ai gọi điện, xin hãy ghi lại tin nhắn.)

Không dùng dạng rút gọn (contracted forms) trong mệnh đề đảo ngữ phủ định.
Ex: If I hadn't carried out the order, I would have lost my job.

  • Had I not carried out the order, I would have lost my job.

[NOT Hadn't I carried out the order,...]
(Nếu tôi không thi hành mệnh lệnh thì tôi đã bị mất việc rồi.)

60.4.3 Imagine (that), provided/providing (that), on condition (that), as/so long as, (miễn là, với điều kiện là), suppose/supposing (that) (giả sử)

như, only if (chỉ với điều kiện là), otherwise (nếu không thì), in case (that) (nếu; phòng khi), in the event that (phòng khi), but for + noun (nếu không có), in case of + noun (nếu xảy ra), in the event of + noun (nếu xảy ra),... có thể được dùng để diễn đạt điều kiện.
Ex:

  • I will come only if nothing is said to the press.

(Tôi sẽ đến với điều kiện là không được nói gì với báo chí.)

  • You can use my car provided that/ as long as you drive carefully.

(Anh có thể dùng ô tô của tôi miễn là anh lái cẩn thận.)

  • Suppose you won the lottery, what would you do with the money?

(Giả sử anh trúng số, anh sẽ làm gì với số tiền đó?)

  • We must be back before midnight; otherwise we'll be locked out.

[= If we are not back by midnight, we'll be locked out.]
(Chúng ta phải về trước nửa đêm, nếu không chúng ta sẽ bị nhốt ở ngoài.)

  • But for your assistance, we would not have succeeded.

[= If it hadn't been for your assistance, ...]
(Nếu không có sự giúp đỡ của anh thì chúng tôi đã không thành công.)

  • In case of fire, leave the building as quickly as possible.

[= If there is a fire,...]
(Nếu xảy ra hỏa hoạn, hãy rời khỏi tòa nhà càng nhanh càng tốt.)

60.4.4 If it was/ were not for; If it had not been for (Nếu không có)

Cấu trúc này được dùng để nói về sự việc hoặc tình huống làm thay đổi mọi thứ.
Ex:

  • If it wasn't/ weren't for the long holidays, I'd give up teaching.

[= Without the long holidays, I would give up teaching.]
(Nếu không có các kỳ nghỉ dài thì tôi sẽ bỏ nghề dạy học.)
Để nói về quá khứ, ta dùng If it had not been for.
Ex:

  • If it hadn't been for Jim, the child would have drowned.

(Nếu không có Jim thì đứa bé đã bị chết đuối rồi.)
\* But for = If it was/were not for / If it had not been for
Ex:

  • But for the long holidays, I'd give up teaching.
  • But for Jim, the child would have drowned.

Bài tập

Đã làm 0/106 câu

60.5.1 Bài Tập 233

1

If you _______ (find) a wallet in the street, what would you do with it?

2

I must hurry. My friend _______ (be) annoyed if I _______ (not/ be) on time.

3

If I _______ (be) a bird, I _______ (not/ want) to live my whole life in a cage.

4

I didn't realize that Gary was in hospital. If I ________ (know) he was in hospital, I ________ (go) to visit him.

5

If you ________ (pour) oil on water, it ________ (float).

6

If the phone ________ (ring), can you answer it?

7

If I ________ (have) wings, I ________ (not/ have to) take an airplane to fly home.

8

Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he ________ (miss) it, he ________ (be) late for his interview.

9

A: What shall we do tomorrow?
B: Well, if it ________ (be) a nice day, we ________ (go) to the beach.

10

A: You look tired.
B: Well, if you ________ (not/ wake) me up in the middle of the night, I ________ (not/ be) tired.

11

This soup isn't very good. It ________ (taste) better if it ________ (not/ be) so salty.

12

Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York. If I ________ (have) your address, I ________ (send) you a postcard.

13

I think there are too many cars. If there ________ (not/ be) so many cars, there ________ (not/ be) so much pollution.

14

A: I think I left my watch at your house. Have you seen it?
B: No, but I'll have a look. If I ________ (find) it, I ________ (tell) you.

15

Mark and Carol are expecting us. They ________ (be) disappointed if we ________ (not/ come).

16

The accident was your fault. If you ________ (drive) more carefully, it ________ (not/ happen).

17

A: Why do you read newspapers?
B: Well, if I ________ (not/ read) newspapers, I ________ (not/ know) what was happening in the world.

18

If you ________ (have) enough money to go anywhere in the world, where ________ (you/ go)?

19

This box has got to be in Chicago tomorrow. I'm sure if I ________ (send) it today by express mail, it ________ (arrive) in time.

20

People ________ (be) able to fly if they ________ (have) feathers instead of hair.

21

Last night Alex ruined his sweater when he washed it. If he ________ (read) the label, he ________ (not/ wash) it in hot water.

22

A: Is Trevor a practical person?
B: Trevor? No, he isn't. If he ________ (be) practical, he ________ (put) those shelves up a bit quicker. It took him ages.

23

A: United didn't play very well today.
B: We were awful. But if Hacker ________ (take) that easy chance, we ________ (win).

24

A: Why are you sitting in the dark?
B: Let's just say that if I ________ (pay) my electricity bill last month, I ________ (not/ be) in the dark now.

25

A: Would you like a cup of coffee?
B: No, thanks. If I ________ (drink) coffee late at night, I ________ (sleep).

60.5.2 Bài Tập 234

26

Well, if I (1) ________, I won't pass my exam.

27

If you (2) ________ it in the daytime I (3) ________ you because I'd be at work.

28

If you played it in the daytime I (3) ________ you because I'd be at work.

29

If you (4) ________ me about this trumpet when you first came here, I (5) ________ you have the room.

30

If you had told me about this trumpet when you first came here, I (5) ________ you have the room.

31

If you (6) ________ so loud, it (7) ________ so bad.

32

If you didn't play so loud, it (7) ________ so bad.

33

If I (8) ________ a year ago what you were going to do, then I (9) ________ you out long ago.

34

If I had realized a year ago what you were going to do, then I (9) ________ you out long ago.

35

If you (10) ________ on making this noise at night, I (11) ________ to complain to your college.

36

If you go on making this noise at night, I (11) ________ to complain to your college.

60.5.7 Bài Tập 239

37

I like to walk to work in the morning unless ________

38

What would happen If I ________

39

You can borrow the money providing ________

40

Take a sandwich with you in case ________

41

You wouldn't have felt ill if you ________

42

If he had listened to my advice, he ________

43

You won't pass the exam unless ________

44

If you see Jane, ________

45

Were I your doctor ________

46

There would be less pollution if ________

60.5.8 Bài Tập 240

47

If I were you, I ______ that coat. It's much too expensive.

48

If I could speak Spanish, I ______ next year studying in Mexico.

49

It would have been a much more serious accident ______ fast at the time.

50

‘Can I borrow your car this evening?’ ‘Sure, but Nora's using it right now. If she ______ it back in time. You're welcome to borrow it.’

51

If energy ______ inexpensive and unlimited, many things in the world would be different.

52

We ______ the game if we'd had a few more minutes.

53

I ______ William with me if I had known you and he didn't get along with each other.

54

The lecturer last night didn't know what he was talking about, but if Dr. Mason ______ I would have listened carefully.

55

If you ______ to my advice in the first place, you wouldn't be in this mess right now.

56

_______ interested in that subject, I would try to learn more about it.

57

If I _______ the same problems you had as a child, I might not have succeeded in life as well as you have.

58

I _______ you sooner had someone told me you were in hospital.

59

_______ more help, I could call my neighbor.

60

_______ then what I know today, I would have saved myself a lot of time and trouble over the years.

61

Do you think there would be less conflict in the world if all people _______ the same language?

62

If you can give me one good reason for your acting like this, _______ this incident again.

63

I didn't know you were asleep. Otherwise, I _______ so much noise when I came in.

64

Unless you _______ all of my questions, I can't do anything to help you.

65

Had you told me that this was going to happen, I _______ it.

66

If Jake _______ to go on the trip, would you have gone?

67

If you _______, I would have brought my friends over to your house this evening to watch TV, but I didn't want to bother you.

68

If I weren't working for an accounting firm, I _______ in a bank.

69

'Here's my phone number.' 'Thanks. I'll give you a call if I _______ some help tomorrow.'

70

_______ you, I'd think twice about that decision. It could be a bad move.

71

'Was Pam seriously injured in the accident?' 'She broke her arm. It _______ much worse if she hadn't been wearing her seat belt.'

72

If my candidate had won the election, I _______ happy now.

73

Page 12 of the manual that came with the appliance says, "_______ any problem with the merchandise, contact your local dealer."

74

'Why didn't Bill get the promotion he was expecting?' 'He may not be qualified. If he were, he _______ that promotion last year.'

75

Hurry! We've got to leave the house immediately. Otherwise, _______ the opening ceremony.

76

If everyone _______, how would we control air traffic? Surely, we'd all be crashed into each other.

77

If you _______ him tomorrow, _______ him my message.

78

_______ a serious crime, what exactly should you do?

79

In case you _______ a car, _______ me to drive?

80

_______, this project would not have been possible.

81

If Chris _______ to the hospital, he _______ alive today.

82

In the event that you should fail the first writing assignment for this class, I _______ you one more week to revise.

83

I will accept the job ________ me a good salary.

84

________, the meeting will not be postponed.

85

________, I wouldn't have been able to move this table.

86

________ you were waiting outside, I would have invited you to come in.

87

________ positively, we couldn't have continued with the project.

88

Only if it rains continuously for three hours ________ the baseball game.

89

If Tom really ________ ambitious, he ________ a decent job years ago.

90

If the earth ________ a Moon, there ________ any tides.

91

We've installed an alarm link with the local police station ________.

92

We would appeal ________ to go against us.

93

________ your full attention on driving, will you lower your chances of having an accident.

94

If Flight 4590 had not been overloaded, it ________ with only three engines.

95

_______ about the meeting, he would have participated.

96

_______ turned off, write down the number of my office phone.

60.9 Bài Tập 241

97

Unless she hurries up, we won't arrive in time. If _________________________________________________________________

98

But for your help, I won't pass the exam. If _________________________________________________________________

99

If I should prepare for my final exam carefully, I will pass the exam. Should ____________________________________________________________

100

We'll give you your bicycle only if you do well on your exams. Only if ____________________________________________________________

101

We could not handle the situation without you. If _________________________________________________________________

102

I will help you if you keep your promise. On condition that ___________________________________________________

103

They won't be able to come whether or not they have enough money. Whether ___________________________________________________________

104

If we gave up the fight now, it would mean the end of democracy in our country. Were ______________________________________________________________

105

We'll go for a picnic by the river tomorrow if it doesn't rain. Unless ____________________________________________________________

106

In case of an earthquake, keep some extra batteries and bottled water on hand. In case ___________________________________________________________